Growth measures the company's ability to expand its business over time through revenue, earnings, and cash flow generation.

Momentum is assessed relative to the FTSE 100 benchmark where available. Relative outperformance is a stronger signal than absolute return alone.

Profitability examines both the current margin level and margin expansion trends. High and expanding margins indicate pricing power and operational efficiency.

Valuation is scored sector-relative — each metric is compared against the typical multiple for this industry, so a high P/E in Healthcare is judged differently to a high P/E in Energy. PEG and Price/FCF use absolute thresholds.

Financial Solvency measures the company's ability to service and repay its debt obligations. Five sub-metrics are weighted to produce the composite score.

Operational Quality measures bottom-line efficiency, cash generation, capital productivity, and margin consistency — four equally weighted signals of business model resilience.

Volatility measures price instability, worst-case drawdowns, and sensitivity to broader market moves.

Size factor captures existential risk. Smaller companies have higher failure rates, less diversification, and greater vulnerability to shocks.